ARTICLES THAT CONTAIN PASSIVE VOICE

Artikel 1

“ Fresh wave of killings by hunters takes Indonesian orangutan to the brink of extinction ”

Conservationists urge authorities to take action as report finds great ape population of Kalimantan region gravely endangered A Bornean orangutan carries her young. Between 750 and 1,800 orangutan were killed in Kalimantan in the year ending April 2008.Conservationists have called on the Indonesian authorities to take urgent action to save the orangutan after a report warned that the endangered great apes were being hunted at a rate that could bring them to the brink of extinction. Erik Meijaard, who led a team carrying out the first attempt to assess the scale of the problem in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo, said the results showed that between 750 and 1,800 orangutans were killed as a result of hunting and deforestation in the 12 months to April 2008.
 

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The numbers, which were higher than expected, indicated that most orangutan populations in Kalimantan could be in serious danger "within the foreseeable future", said Meijaard, of the Jakarta-based People and Nature Consulting International. "At that rate… you're talking about 10-15 years until pretty much all orangutans [in Kalimantan] are gone."

Home to 90% of the world's orangutans, Indonesia also has one of the highest rates of deforestation – a phenomenon driven by a combination of illegal logging, palm oil plantations and gold mining. Loss of habitat is the main reason behind the steep decline in both the Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and its critically endangered Sumatran counterpart (Pongo abelii). The Sumatran orangutan population is believed to be less than 7,000 and has featured on the World's 25 Most Endangered Primates list since its inception in 2000. In Borneo, an estimated 54,000 orangutans survive, half the number of 25 years ago.

Habitat loss is compounded by hunting, which, though anecdotally well known as a cause of orangutan decline, has been a neglected issue. While much of the killing documented by Meijaard and his researchers appears to have been motivated by opportunism, with villagers hunting for food, a significant proportion could be related to habitat loss. "There is conflict-related hunting where you've got plantations going in. You've got people expanding their fields and gardens and infringing on orangutan habitat, so they are being squeezed into smaller and smaller pockets of forest and automatically come into contact with people more frequently," Meijaard said.

"If you find an orangutan sitting in your garden or eating the fruit from your fruit tree or pulling up your oil palm, the logical reaction is either to scare it off or to kill it. That's what people do." To tackle the fall in orangutan populations, the Indonesian authorities had to crack down on those responsible for habitat degradation so that the Bornean forests were "better managed", according to Meijaard. Equally important was the need to curb the hunting of orangutans by raising awareness of their endangered status – and enforcing the law when such hunting was found, he said.

"So far in the entire history of orangutan conservation, I think only two people in Indonesia have ended up in jail because of illegal activities related to orangutans," Meijaard said. Only days after his survey was published last week, two Indonesian plantation workers were arrested on suspicion of killing at least 20 orangutans and proboscis monkeys. Police said the men admitted chasing the primates with dogs before shooting, stabbing or hacking them to death, but claimed they were offered money for every kill by the owners of palm oil plantations keen to reduce crop raiding. If found guilty, the workers face up to five years in prison.

Ashley Leiman, of the London-based Orangutan Foundation, agreed that better law enforcement must be the priority in the fight to save the species. "There should be more awareness, there should be more education and definitely… more enforcement," she said, accusing the Indonesian authorities of a "very lax" approach. Leiman believed the current laws were almost impossible to implement. "You almost have to find people in the very act of doing it," she said.

A spokesman for the Indonesian forestry ministry has described the report's findings as "bombastic" and said he doubted they were true. But the hunting issue should not distract from the primary threat of forest degradation, which was the root cause of conflict-related hunting, said Leiman. "When you take the combination of both, the problem is totally compounded. But it goes back to the original problem [of habitat loss]," she said, adding that the Indonesian government needed to create more protected areas if forest loss continued at the present rate.

Scaremongering was counterproductive, she said. "I don't believe orangutans will be extinct. I think as a species they will survive. They may only survive in protected areas, and probably in smaller numbers than now, but I don't think the 'cry wolf' [approach] is going to help."

Artikel 2

“ Illegal Orangutan Trader Prosecuted ”

ScienceDaily (Feb. 23, 2012) — The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme (SOCP) has just announced Sumatra's first ever successful sentence of an illegal orangutan owner and trader in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia.The seven-month prison sentence is only the third for Indonesia, despite orangutans being strictly protected under Indonesian law since 1924.

Although there have been over 2,500 confiscations of illegally held orangutans in Indonesia since the early 1970's, the first actual prosecution of an illegal orangutan owner occurred in Borneo in 2010, and now in Sumatra with this case in 2012. The case began with the confiscation of a young male orangutan named Julius last July in Mardinding, Karo District, in the province of North Sumatra. The owner was allegedly trying to sell the orangutan, which was believed to be three years old.

The raid was conducted by the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry's Directorate-General for Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA), working in conjunction with WCS's Wildlife Crime Unit and the veterinarian and staff of the SOCP. The Wildlife Crime Unit, created by WCS in 2003 and funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other donors, provides data and technical advice to law enforcement agencies to support the investigation and prosecution of wildlife crimes.

The SOCP, implemented by the Swiss-based PanEco Foundation, and the Indonesian NGO YEL (Foundation for a Sustainable Ecosystem) have operated the only orangutan rescue center in Sumatra since 2001 and have so far reintroduced over 150 confiscated ex-pet orangutans back to the wild. Julius is now being cared for at the SOCP's orangutan quarantine center near Medan, with just over 50 other orangutans also being prepared for a return to the forest. After spending 30 days in quarantine, Julius is now living in a socialization cage, which allows him to adapt to the presence of other orangutans. Though the road to full rehabilitation might still be a long one, Julius is making excellent progress and is expected to be released back into the wild in the future.

The sentence reflects an increase in activity and action to combat the illegal wildlife trade in Indonesia in recent years. In the last two years there have been more than 20 arrests for illegally possessing or trading protected wildlife, including the critically endangered Sumatran tiger and pangolin. The prosecution is in full compliance with the Indonesian Government's own National Orangutan Conservation Strategy and Action plan, launched in 2007.

The majority of illegal pet orangutans are a byproduct of forest clearance for palm oil plantations and of conflicts between farmers and orangutans that raid crops in converted agricultural areas. In most cases, they are not hunted specifically for food or trade in Sumatra, but are more "refugees" from forests that no longer exist. Conservationists believe Julius's mother was killed at the time of his capture. Relatively few orangutans are actively traded in Sumatra, but the SOCP and PHKA still confiscate around 30 illegal pets each year, whose mothers have been killed.

The Head of Natural Resources Conservancy Agency (BBKSDA) North Sumatra, Arief Tongkagie, said: "Based on the successful completion of this case, our hope is that in the future more people will be willing to report crimes against orangutans." According to Panut, Chairman of the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Forum (FOKUS): "Increased efforts to curb crimes against orangutans will provide a deterrent effect to traders." The Wildlife Conservation Society is actively trying to reduce the damaging impact of the illegal wildlife trade.

"We commend Indonesia's Ministry of Forestry's Directorate-General for Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA) for taking a hard stance on wildlife trade, which is threatening to destroy the country's natural resources," said Dr Noviar Andayani, Director of the WCS Indonesia Program. "We are hopeful that this prosecution sends a clear message that illegal wildlife trade will not be tolerated in Indonesia."

Live orangutans sold in Indonesia, or exported illegally to neighboring countries, are kept as pets or in private collections. Other wildlife traded for food, medicines, skins, biomedical research, souvenirs and pets from Indonesia include rhinos, elephants, tigers, birds, bears, orchids, marine and freshwater fish, turtles, fragrant timber, pangolins, corals, snakes, bats, sharks, and rodents.

"Working closely with law enforcement is a key component in the fight against illegal wildlife trade," said Joe Walston, WCS Executive Director for Asia programs. "If governments want to protect their wildlife resources, they need to be serious about enforcement. Clearly Indonesia is taking a lead on this front."

Ian Singleton, Director of Conservation for the PanEco Foundation and the person in charge of the SOCP, said: "It's absolutely fantastic to finally have a prosecution of an illegal orangutan 'owner' in Sumatra, but it's also long overdue. With this sentence, as long as it is widely publicized in the region, anyone considering capturing, killing or keeping an orangutan illegally will certainly think twice about it, and hopefully the numbers being killed and kept in the coming years will begin to decline."

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PASSIVE VOICE
Present Tense	·         Habitat loss is compounded by hunting. Hilangnya habitat ini diperparah oleh pemburu ·         They are not hunted specifically for food or trade in Sumatra, but are more "refugees" from forests that no longer exist. Mereka tidak diburu khusus untuk makanan atau perdagangan di Sumatra, tetapi lebih "pengungsi" dari hutan yang tidak ada lagi ·         Relatively few orangutans are actively traded in Sumatra. Orangutan relatif sedikit yang aktif diperdagangkan di Sumatera.
Present Perfect	·         His researchers appears to have been motivated by opportunism. Peneliti-nya tampaknya telah dimotivasi oleh oportunisme. ·         Although there have been over 2,500 confiscations of illegally held orangutans in Indonesia since the early 1970's. meskipun ada lebih dari 2.500 penyitaan orangutan ilegal diselenggarakan di Indonesia sejak awal 1970 ·         The SOCP and PHKA still confiscate around 30 illegal pets each year, whose mothers have been killed. Para SOCP dan PHKA masih menyita sekitar 30 hewan peliharaan ilegal setiap tahun, yang ibunya telah dibunuh
Present Continous	·         They are being squeezed into smaller Mereka sedang diperas menjadi lebih kecil ·         Julius is now being cared for at the SOCP's orangutan quarantine center near Medan Julius sekarang sedang dirawat di pusat karantina orangutan SOCP di dekat Medan
Past Tense	·         They were offered money for every kill by the owners of palm oil plantations keen to reduce crop raiding Mereka ditawarkan uang untuk setiap pembunuhan oleh pemilik perkebunan kelapa sawit untuk mengurangi penyerang tanaman ·         The raid was conducted by the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry's Directorate-General for Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA) Serangan itu dilakukan oleh Departemen Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam (PHKA)